* rESpiRatOrY SysTeM *

The respiratory system is responsible for providing oxygen for the blood to take to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide, one of the waste products of cellular metabolism. The respiratory system is closely interrelated with the heart and circulatory system. These two systems can be grouped together in medicine to form the cardiopulmonary system.

The respiratory system consists of the following:
* Two lungs, the vital organs of the respiratory system.
*Upper and lower airways
*Terminal air sacs called alveoli
*Thoracic cage
*Muscles of breathing

There are two separate processes of breathing. The first is ventilation, which is the bulk movement of the air down to the terminal end of the lungs where the actual gas exchange takes place with the bloodstream. The second is respiratory, which is the process of gas exchange where oxygen is added to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. Since the gas exchange in the lungs occur between the blood and the air in the external atmosphere, it is called external respiration. The oxygenated blood is transported internally via the cardiovascular system to the cells and tissues where gas exchage is now termed internal respiration.

THE UPPER AIRWAYS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

The upper airway function include:

*Heating or cooling inspired gases to body temperature ( 37 degrees Celsius )
* Filtering ( inhaled ) particles from the inspired gases
* Humidifying inspired gases to a relative humidity of 100 %
* Providing for the sense of smell, or olfaction
* Providing sounds, or phonation
*Ventilating, or conducting the gas down to the lower airways




The upper airways, starts at the nose, which are responsible for initially conditioning the inhaled air. The nose is a rigid structure made of cartilage and bone. There are 3 main regions contained within the space behind the nose, called the nasal cavity. The two nasal cavities are separated by a wall called the septal cartilage. The first region is the vestibular region, which is located inside the nostrils and contains the coarse nasal hairs that act as the first line of defense for the respiratory system. The hairs, called vibrissae, are covered with sebum,a greasy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of the nose. It helps to trap large particles and keeps the nose hairs soft and pliable. The vestibular helps filter out large particles so they do not enter the lungs. The next is olfactory region, it is on the roof of the nasal cavity. And it keeps inspired gases into the region and does not allow it to go reach deeper into the lungs. The last is respiratory region, it warms and moistens air so airways do not dry out. The respiratory region possesses three scroll- like bones known as turbinates, or conchae. These split up the gas into 3 channels.




The second part is the pharynx, a hollow, muscular structure lined with epithelial tissues. It is also called throat, begins behind the nasal cavities and is divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

The nasopharynx is the uppermost section and begins right behind the nasal cavities. Air brethe through the nose passes through here. This section contains lymphatic tissue. The oropharynx is located right behind the oral or buccal cavity. Anything swallowed passes through this section. This section contains palatine tonsils. The laryngopharynx is the lowermost section. Its common name is voice-box. The larynx is a semi-rigid structure composed of cartilage. The " Adam's apple" is the largest cartilage. Air that is breathed and anything that is swallowed passes through this section. Glottis mechanism, directs the flow of " traffic "( air to the lungs and food and liquid to the stomach ). The glottis is the opening that leads into the larynx and eventually the lungs. The leaf-shaped, fibrocartilage, flap like structure that closes over the opening of the larynx when you swallow and opens up when you breathe is called epiglottis.

THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Upon leaving the vocal cords in the larynx, the inspired air enters the trachea. The trachea extends from the cricoid cartilage of the larynx to the sixth cervical vertebrae. The cartilage found in the trachea is in the C-shaped structures. The trachea is the largest bronchus. Once the trachea reaches the center of the chest, it begins its first branching, or bifurcates, in two bronchi, the right and left main stem and can be called as generation 1. The site of bifurcation is called carina. Now the bronchi must branch into the five lobar bronchi ( generation 2 ) that correspond to the five lobes of the lungs. Each lung lobe is further divided into specific segments, ad the next branching of bronchi are called the segmental bronchi ( generation 3 ). The branching becomes more numerous with tiny sub-segmental bronchi ( generation 4 to 9 ) branching deep within each lung segment. The diameter of sub segmental bronchi ranges from 1 to 6 mm. Cartilaginous rings are now irregular pieces of cartilage and will soon fade away completely. Now we reach the very tiny airways called bronchioles ( generation 10 to 15 ) that average only 1 mm in diameter. They have no cartilage layer, and the epithelial lining becomes ciliated cuboidal. The cilia, goblet cells and submucosal gland, are almost all gone by generation 15. Now we reach the terminal bronchioles ( generation 16 ), which have an average diameter of .5 mm, no goblet cells, no cartilage, no cilia, and no submucosal glands. This marks the end of the conducting areas.

The next airways beyond the terminal bronchiole is called respiratory bronchiole ( generation 17 to 19 ) because a small portion of gas exchange takes place here. Alveolar ducts ( generation 20 to 22 ) originate from the respiratory bronchioles wherein the walls of the alveolar ducts are completely made up of simple squamous cells arranged in a tubular configuration. The alveolar ducts give way to the grape bunch-like structures of several connected alveoli, better known as the alveolar sacs ( generation 23 ).

..Carciovascular sysystem

I have learned in this system that the cardiovascular system has three major components include the heart (which is the organ that pumps blood through the system), blood ( a form of connective tissue that has a fluid component called plasma and a variety of cells and substances, and blood vessels ( a network of passageways to transport the blood to and from the body's cells). I have learned that blood vessels can be classified into arteries ( vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart - which means that the blood carried by the arteries is deoxygenated), the arterioles ( smaller artery ), veins (vessels that carry blood TOWARDS the heart - which means that the blood carried by the veins is oxygenated), venules ( tiniest vessel) and capillaries (where the exchange of nutrients, gases and waste products happened - it was the transition vessels where blood begins its trip back to the heart). Blood is the transport of oxygen. It has two composition - plasma (the yellowish, straw colored liquid ) and formed solid ( include the Red blood cells (RBC) also called as erythrocytes, White blood cells (WBC) also called as leukocytes and Platelets also called as thrombocytes). I have leraned the different parts of the heart and how the blood go tho the different parts of the body.



If I will explain this to someone, I will discuss the three major components of the cardiovascular which is the heart, blood and blood vessels. I will explain the blood and its composition. The blood vessels and the classification of it. I will expalin how the blood go to the different parts of the bosy. From the superior vena cava (blood from head and arms) and inferior vena cava (blood from truk and legs), the deoxygenated blood will pass through the right atrium and will pass through the tricuspid valve because it is a one-way valve. After passing the first valve, the blood is now going in the right ventricle contracts increasing the internal pressure. This pressure closes the tricuspid valve and forces open the pulmonary valve thus sending blood toward the lung via the pulmonary artey. This blood will bacome oxygenated because while the blood is in the lung, the exchange of gases where happen here and then it will return to the left side of the heart. Oxygenated blood returns from the lung via the pulmonary vien and fills the left atrium creating a pressure against the mitral valve. This pressure of returning blood forces the mitral valve open and begins filling the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts increasing internal pressure. This pressure closes the mitral valve and forces open the aortic valve causing oxygenated blood to flow through the aorta to deliver oxygen throughout the body.


Our teacher in Biology made this lesson easier for us in giving us lot of activities for us to remember the parts and the cardiac cycle. He explains it well and good..

.,The Different System.,

I have learned the different special senses such as sight, sound, taste, and smell. Also the other senses, such as general senses which are scattered throughout various regions of our body - heat, cold, pain, nausea, etc. - the cutaneous senses - touch, heatt, cold, pain- and lastly the visceral senses - hunger, thirst, and the need to urinate and defecate. I've learned also the different parts of our eyes and ears and the function.

If I will explain this to someone, I will draw or show them a picture of the senses. For the eye, I will show the internal and external structure of it and explain the function . For the ear, I will do the same and I will identify the three divisions of the ear which are the external, inner and middle. Not only the sense of sight and hearing but also the other senses. Like taste, touch, smell and etc. And I will explain the different disorders for the eye and ear.

Well, Patrick was the reporter but I'm not there when he's reporting. So, NO COMMENT to his report cause I don't know how he reported it.

.,eNdOcRinE sYstEM.,

I have learned in this chapter that the endocrine system produces and releases hormones into the blood to direct the activities of other body organs. I've learned also the different hormones of the different organs and its function.

If I will explain this to someone, as what I've done before, I will summarize it first and make a concept map. I will show them a picture of our body and the different organs. I'll identify first all the organs and tell the hormones of each. And ofcourse, the functions on how they work or what they do to our body. I will tell all the things I know in this lesson with understandable explanations.

Mikee was or should be the reporter. Because of unexpected happenings, she didn't reported her report..NO MUCH COMMENT!!!!

i

hahaha tpoz n!!!

nErvOuS sYsTeM..PART 2

I have learned in this chapter the process of how our brain send the informations to our body that we needed. I have learned the 3 major parts and each of their functions - cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. And also the parts in the internal brain. ALso I learned the 2 divisions of PNS or Peripheral Nervous System which are the Somatic Sensory System that controls the sense of touch and Autonomic System that controls the involuntary muscles. It is divided into 2 subdivisions : Sympathetic which we all know, controls the " flight- or - fight " and the parasympathetic which controls the " resting and digestong ."

If I will explain this to someone, like waht I have done. I will study it first,then, summarize it. I will make concept map for them to understand it easily. I will use also some pictures in case if they want to know where are the parts are located. I will explain it easily and briefly. And I will ask them every topic if they have any questions about that or if didn't understand or it wasn't clear to them.

I'm the one who reprted this chapter. That's why almost all the topic here, I understand. When I was reporting, I don't know if they listened to me or if they have any questions. Because as I saw them they just chat with each other. The same on what we were doing in the previous reporters :). But only sir Greg listened on my report and he liked what I've done in my visual aid.

".,neRvOuS sySteM: pArT 1.,"

I have learned that nervous system serves as our body's computer. I have learned the nervous tissues that made up of two types of cells- neuroglia or glial cells and neurons. ALso, I learned how neurons work. And I learned the used of spinal cord and spinal nerve in travelling the information from the brain.

If I will explainthis to someone, I will make it easy for them. Because I know that this chapter is a little bit harder to understand. I will make a concept map. And I will compare the nervous system to a computer for them to understand it well. Like nervous system, computer have "brain" also, the information is inputted using the keyboard, mouse, etc. And the computer's output-printers, speakers, etc. The nervous system have input which we refer as CNS or Central Nervous System. And ouput which we refer as PNS or Peripheral Nervous System. And after that, I will explain everything I learned about this chapter.

This chapter was reported by Cecille. Actually, I didn't understand her report because she just read all in the book, i think!. That's the reason why we all didn't listen to her and felt bored. If I were her, I will study hard my report for them to learn the topic and feel alive not bored. Good for me, I read her report that's why I learned a little..